Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Curran and Seaton


  • A small number of conglomerates control the media who are all about profit and power in production
  • The dramatic sensationalist headlines and celebrity stories used by the Mail it maximize profit
  • Use of advertising and their wild stories that people will retweet and share to show how outlandish it is
  • Still small companies which are less about profit and are more about social awareness

Hesmondhalgh

  • believes in minimal risk and maximal profit as the greatest way for success
  • ensure that your company is vertically or horizontally integrated, no distribution of power, use of takeovers 
  • control over development, production, distribution, marketing and all parts of the production process

Livingston and Lunt

  • There must be some regulation on what the news can and cant say whilst not being so censored to the point of complete censorship seen in countries like Russia.
  • IPSO and IMPRESS regulate the media (ineffectively) must walk the fine line between protection and censorship
  • With the introduction of the internet has made this easier to access usually censored media such as 18+ games and movies
  • IPSO and IMPRESS have no control online allowing these spaces to be care free and produce whatever they want

Macro online Info

  • Due to the decline of print news papers are starting to move more online over the past 10 years 
  • online advertising is now more lucrative than print
  • The times and the telegraph now have paywalls in order to make you pay or sign up to read the rest, whilst the times and telegraph make their profit through advertising 
  • The guardian and Mailonline have very similar online presences with similar audiences size and viewership 

question 1 and 2

  • Only talking about the sources
  • Q1=10 marks This question will ask you to analyze the media language or representation in two sources. The sources will be extracts   
  • Q2=15 marks 
  • Q3=10 marks 
  • Q4=10 marks
You will be given two sources to analyze from either a newspaper, news website or print newspaper

Our trial exams will be based on online web sources and we will be given a media language theorist 


Media language conventions

  • colour
  • online layout, header, footer, margins, navigation bar, tabs, sidebar
  • online functionality, links to social media, hyperlinks, embedded multimedia, interactivity
  • Images
  • Language: formal/informative, mode of address
  • Typography: serif, san-serif
  • Stand first- typical of a tabloid, no stand first, typical of a broadsheet
  • House style

Newspapers: Media language theorist

  • Barthes: Signifier and signified: denotation of connotation; anchorage: myth (ideological meaning)
  • Todorov: narrative equilibrium/ disequilibrium and narrative disruption 
  • Levi Strauss: binary opposite
  • Baudrillard: hyper-reality and simulacra (fake news?) 
  • Neale: genres are not fixed and change overtime-'tabloidization

Tabloid press tend to be much more critical of any form of restrictions

Sun language a lot less formal and sensationalist with titles like 'Santa Maybe' 

Representation and ideology theories

Hall: Representations are constructed and contested. They are not fixed. This might particularly apply to representations which go against dominant ideologies
Gilroy: Looks at the creation of a transatlantic black identity. Also focuses on the way the media "others" non-white representations.
Van Zoonan-gender is contextual and performative (in this sense she agrees with butler)

Example: The suns representations of Pistorius's case where they use a pick of the murdered woman in a bikini

Q1 

outline the stories that is being introduced eg omicron and the imposition of new restrictions or Meghan Markle
Introduce one of the theories of representation, we can see clear difference between how Meghan is represented in both sources.
give example of the theory being used by looking at language, images, font choices, world view of the newspaper and what they stand for eg the sun being right wing 
are there anyways of disproving it being balanced  or not airtight
conclude and go back to the question- how far are you willing to go and how much does it say about the question eg gender/ ethnicity/ social class

17 minutes on this question!



Q2

Example: Source A and source B cover the same news event but are from two different newspapers. How has the combination of elements of media language created representations in the sources? in your answer you must:
  • Explain how the connotations of elements of media language creates representations in websites.
  • Analyse how media language has been used to construct meaning in the sources
  • Make judgments and reach conclusions about how representations have influenced  meaning in the sources (15 makes)
Suggested structure frame for Q2
  • Introduce The Sun/The Guardian and how they differ/ are similar. Consider genre (popular/quality), ownership, politics/ world view/ ideology of the paper, audience
  • Unpick use of headlines, subheading , stand first, lack of and mode of address eg in the sun and guardian and sun how do they reflect their ideologies
  • Analyse the sun and guardians choice, framing and placement of images and how do they contrast connotations of the papers ideologies
  • Look at the use of language and the mode of address which differ from formal/informal
  • Compare the page layout and use of space including proportion of image/ text, use of quotations, captions and other elements
  • Draw conclusion about the differing representations to create meanings of the story: if you only saw one of these stories, how would your perception be swayed
15 marks= roughly 20 minutes, practicing of timing 


Sources A and B show the same event in different lenses Guardian is left leaning trust owned, mail is right winged plc
guardian focuses on the hospitals and the strain it is having on them, uses non emotive language and a causal title subheading is informative about case numbers and results no blame. Daily mail uses emotive language and a snappy title like 'Booster jab chaos'

The main stories of both shows use the ideologies of both websites, the wording used in source A is informal, snappy headlines 'Booster jab chaos' and can be used to incite panic. We can tell that source a is critical of the current government using unflattering imagery and wording to describe the current pm Boris Johnson. We also see the imagery as a way to be critical of the pandemic and shows more of an understanding of the papers representation.
source B, chooses to include a purely informative headline about the same story. Choosing to use much calmer imagery of hospital and focusing its main story on the affects on the NHS the new variant is having. The formal address gives an appearance of more broadsheet design as well as the layout being primarily print with small or unambiguous images shown on the page.


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